SS-31 (Elamipretide)
Mitochondrial-targeted peptide for cellular energy research
Key Research Areas
Researched for mitochondrial membrane support
Studied for cellular energy production
Investigated for oxidative stress reduction
What is SS-31 (Elamipretide)?
SS-31 (D-Arg-dimethylTyr-Lys-Phe-NH2) is a small, synthetic tetrapeptide designed to target and concentrate within mitochondria. Its unique structure allows it to cross cell membranes and accumulate specifically at the inner mitochondrial membrane, where the electron transport chain operates. This targeted approach distinguishes it from general antioxidants that work throughout the cell.
What It's Used For
Research applications include mitochondrial dysfunction studies, aging and age-related disease research, cardiac function investigations, muscle physiology studies, and neurodegenerative condition research. SS-31 has been studied in clinical trials for various conditions related to mitochondrial dysfunction.
How It Works (Mechanisms Explained)
SS-31 selectively binds to cardiolipin, a phospholipid found exclusively in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Cardiolipin is essential for the proper function of the electron transport chain complexes. By stabilizing cardiolipin, SS-31 helps optimize electron transport, reduce electron leak (which causes reactive oxygen species), and improve ATP production efficiency. This mechanism addresses mitochondrial dysfunction at its source rather than simply scavenging free radicals after they form.
Common Research Stacks
SS-31 is typically studied as a standalone compound due to its specific mitochondrial-targeting mechanism. Research protocols may combine it with assessments of mitochondrial function markers, but stacking with other peptides is less common given its unique mode of action.
Common Beginner Mistakes
Expecting SS-31 to work like traditional antioxidants (it has a different mechanism), not understanding the importance of mitochondrial health in overall wellness, improper reconstitution affecting peptide stability, and confusion between research findings and approved medical treatments.
Reconstitution Basics
SS-31 is provided as lyophilized powder and requires reconstitution with bacteriostatic water. Follow standard peptide handling: add water slowly, swirl gently without shaking, refrigerate immediately after mixing. Use within 28 days of reconstitution. Subcutaneous injection is common in research protocols.
Educational Disclaimer
This content is for educational purposes only and is not intended as medical advice. Research peptides are not approved for human use by regulatory bodies like the FDA. Always consult qualified healthcare professionals before making any health-related decisions.